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“中國制造”全球排第幾?工信部部長:不像想象那么強(qiáng)大

發(fā)布時間:2020-04-17
疫情期間,中國制造業(yè)的高效,讓很多人感到驕傲的同時,自信心也開始膨脹起來,認(rèn)為中國制造世界第一,任何國家都無法超越。民間輿論更是狂熱無比,大肆鼓吹大國崛起制造無敵論。
 
然而,中國政府對此卻很有清醒的認(rèn)知。
 
在中國經(jīng)濟(jì)下行壓力不斷加大的今天,在許多人為服務(wù)業(yè)超越制造業(yè)成為國民經(jīng)濟(jì)第二大產(chǎn)業(yè)而歡呼,甚至認(rèn)為中國可以逾越工業(yè)化發(fā)展階段,直接進(jìn)入以服務(wù)業(yè)為主導(dǎo)的經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的現(xiàn)在,工業(yè)和信息化部部長苗圩發(fā)聲:
 
“中國制造”不像我們想象那么強(qiáng)大,西方工業(yè)也沒有衰退到依賴中國。我們的制造業(yè)還沒有升級,但制造業(yè)者卻已開始撤離。”
 
“在全球制造業(yè)的四級梯隊(duì)中,中國還處于第三梯隊(duì),而且這種格局在短時間內(nèi)難有根本性改變。要成為制造強(qiáng)國至少要再努力30年。”
 
作為主管制造業(yè)的中央大員,苗圩的觀點(diǎn)基本上代表了國家認(rèn)知。
 
苗圩說,全球制造業(yè)已基本形成四級梯隊(duì)發(fā)展格局:
第一梯隊(duì)是以美國為主導(dǎo)的全球科技創(chuàng)新中心;
第二梯隊(duì)是高端制造領(lǐng)域,包括歐盟、日本;
第三梯隊(duì)是中低端制造領(lǐng)域,主要是一些新興國家,包括中國;
 
第四梯隊(duì)主要是資源輸出國,包括OPEC(石油輸出國組織)、非洲、拉美等國。
 
在科技實(shí)力的五個級別里,中國既無法與核心的美國相比,也趕不上發(fā)達(dá)的英國、德國、法國、日本等國家,甚至芬蘭、意大利、以色列、加拿大、澳大利亞、挪威、韓國等國家也要略勝中國一籌。
 
全球科技實(shí)力排名頂尖的國家,都有哪些經(jīng)驗(yàn)值得借鑒?中國距此還差多遠(yuǎn)呢?
 
實(shí)力第一:美國
 
迄今為止,美國的大學(xué)匯集了全球70%以上的諾貝爾獎獲得者。
 
在全球最頂尖的20所大學(xué)中,按科學(xué)貢獻(xiàn)度計算,美國占了17所(清華大學(xué)大約排名在600名左右)從麻省理工到加州理工,培養(yǎng)了全世界最好的工程師和最頂尖的科學(xué)家。
 
全球十大科技頂尖公司,美國占據(jù)了八家!英特爾向全世界提供芯片,微軟公司和甲骨文公司占據(jù)了軟件業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)市場(從百度到騰訊到中國各個政府部門,都使用甲骨文提供的數(shù)據(jù)庫軟件和技術(shù))。 
 
美國擁有全球最頂尖的實(shí)驗(yàn)室,在軍工領(lǐng)域,在航空航天領(lǐng)域,在醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域,在信息科學(xué)領(lǐng)域……美國以無可匹敵的實(shí)力和壓倒性的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢雄居世界之首。
 
假如明天美國說他們研究出了一款飛碟,也沒人會奇怪。
 
實(shí)力第二:英國
 
羅羅發(fā)動機(jī)。這樣一個發(fā)動機(jī),牽動的是材料、機(jī)械、動力諸多的領(lǐng)域。而中國的大飛機(jī)夢,還剛啟程。
 
我們眼前所見的,滿眼都是日本和德國的設(shè)備,但是卻很少有人關(guān)心,這些機(jī)器設(shè)備最核心的部份大多使用了由英國ARM公司設(shè)計的芯片。總部設(shè)在劍橋的ARM公司無疑是英國科技上皇冠上最珍貴的寶石。
 
諾獎獲得人數(shù),英國僅次于美國,居世界第二。在世界最好的200所大學(xué)中,美國占據(jù)了75所,英國占據(jù)了32所,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過其它國家。
 
盡管英國在工業(yè)規(guī)模上有所衰退,但它仍擁有世界頂尖的航空發(fā)動機(jī)企業(yè)羅羅,在鋼鐵、制藥、生物育種、航空航天、機(jī)械、微電子、軍工、環(huán)境科學(xué)等方面都處于世界一流之列。
 
由于英國擁有世界上不少最好的大學(xué),英國依然保持著世界第二的科學(xué)技術(shù),對世界科技做出了杰出貢獻(xiàn)(如世界第一只克隆羊)。
 
實(shí)力第三:日本
 
美國國家專利局的專利申請數(shù)中,日本是僅次于美國自己本身的第二大國,這一直被視作是日本創(chuàng)新能力的一個重要指標(biāo)。在全球大學(xué)的排行榜和對世界科技貢獻(xiàn)度上面,日本的大學(xué)僅次美英。
 
日本擁有很多大集團(tuán)和大公司,如東芝,三菱等等,這些公司都擁有很強(qiáng)悍的科研實(shí)力,日本注重細(xì)節(jié)的精神讓他們的產(chǎn)品在市場上擁有更好的用戶體驗(yàn),從而占據(jù)市場,這也讓他們擁有更多研發(fā)經(jīng)費(fèi)。從開始的仿造到后來的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,日本的崛起成為亞洲的一個神話。
 
在20個關(guān)鍵科技領(lǐng)域,日本的排名都很不錯,在材料科學(xué),尖端機(jī)器人等等,日本都擁有巨大科研實(shí)力。
 
實(shí)力第四:法國
 
巴黎擁有相當(dāng)多的知名大學(xué),法國大學(xué)一般分為高等商學(xué)院和工程師學(xué)院,是典型的精英教育模式。
 
與英國不同,法國保持科技優(yōu)勢是通過國家的高投入來實(shí)現(xiàn),法國擁有五十多名諾獎獲得者,十多名菲爾茲獎獲得者。在20個關(guān)鍵科研領(lǐng)域,法國都居于世界前列,盡管浪漫的法國人似乎比日本人和德國人都更慵懶,但在科學(xué)研究上面,他們更富有創(chuàng)新精神和冒險精神。
 
法國在航天,能源,材料科學(xué),空間技術(shù)等方面的優(yōu)勢均比較明顯!比如法國出產(chǎn)了全球首款商用無人駕駛汽車。
 
實(shí)力第五:德國
 
說到德國,大家就會想起德國的機(jī)床,德國的精密機(jī)械,德國人一絲不茍的精神! 迄今為止,德國有七十多位諾貝爾獎得主,要多于法國和日本。
 
不得不說一下,與大多數(shù)人想象的不一樣,科研其實(shí)也是一種體力活(雖然創(chuàng)新精神很重要),一種既枯燥又乏味的體力活。一個實(shí)驗(yàn)可能要重復(fù)一千次,找出一個錯誤可能需要幾天幾夜,哪怕你想的全部是正確,但只要一個微小的錯誤,就足以阻擋科研的步伐。德國人的品質(zhì)在這方面就具有優(yōu)勢。
 
與法國一樣,德國的大學(xué)也是按照專業(yè)排名,而不是學(xué)校排名的。每一個學(xué)校都有自己擅長的專業(yè)。
 
德國的科技來源于德國的教育,更來源于德國的制造業(yè)。
 
中國在制造業(yè)上要走的路有多長?據(jù)工信部部長苗圩的說法,或許中國身處第三梯隊(duì)的格局,在短時間內(nèi)難有改變,至少還需要再努力30年。
 
但相信,隨著中國人持續(xù)不斷的努力創(chuàng)新,未來我們終有一天能成為萬眾矚目的真正的制造大國!
 
只是現(xiàn)在,我們還是應(yīng)該虛心地吸取其他強(qiáng)國的經(jīng)驗(yàn),繼續(xù)進(jìn)步,不要讓虛假的自信成為前進(jìn)的枷鎖。

愛爾蘭移民

如有任何疑問,敬請留下您的聯(lián)系方式,我們將安排專業(yè)規(guī)劃師為您權(quán)威解答。

 
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